Europe must step up on defence

First, Washington is making it explicit that Europe must assume primary responsibility for its own conventional defence. This is no longer framed as a political option, but as a strategic necessity. In practical terms, it requires accelerated defence spending, expansion of industrial capacity, and a more sustained financial commitment to Ukraine — including ongoing discussions within the European Union on additional support packages estimated at around €90 billion.

Second, the United States is recalibrating its global posture. While remaining engaged in key theatres — including the Middle East and operations such as EPIC FURY targeting Iran’s capabilities — Washington expects allies to take the lead in regions where European interests are more directly at stake. This reflects a broader prioritisation of U.S. resources and a shift towards burden-sharing within the Alliance.

Third, support for Ukraine is being structurally redefined. Until now, it has largely relied on drawing down finite U.S. stockpiles, supplemented by European contributions. This model — described as „NATO 2.0” in a „NATO 3.0” reality — is no longer sustainable. The emphasis is now on building a resilient European defence industrial base, increasing munitions production, and ensuring long-term capability development on the continent.

Ultimately, this marks a transition towards a rebalanced transatlantic relationship. The concept of „NATO 3.0” reflects a more durable and credible Alliance, in which Europe carries significantly greater responsibility. The United States remains engaged, but the direction is clear: European security will increasingly be shaped in Europe.